Sunday, January 19, 2020
Events During the Cold War Essay
The Cold War was a very terrible war that started in 1945 between the United States and the Soviet Union and lasted 45 years. The Cold War got its name because both sides were too afraid to fight each other directly. They used words against each other to make the enemy look dumb and foolish. They fought through many other wars, too afraid of nuclear attacks directly hitting them. These wars caused great devastation across the globe. This war had started because the Soviet Union wanted to spread communism across the world, but America being a democracy, did not want that. The first ten years were somewhat interesting. On February 4 1945, there was a Yalta Conference, a wartime meeting between the heads of government from the United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union, and the Cold War began. Right after that, Germany surrendered to the Red Army in Berlin. On August 6, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and killed 80,000 people. Then three days after, the United States dropped another bomb on Nagasaki that killed 70,000. Shortly after that, the Japanese surrendered and that was the end of World War II. Winston Churchill had issued warnings about the Soviets in 1946 and first used the term â€Å"iron curtain†. This term was used to describe how the Soviets had wanted power. 1946 was also the year Josef Stalin made a very hostile speech, claiming communism and capitalism couldn’t live in peace. In June of 1947, the Marshall Plan was announced. This plan set a precedent for helping countries combat poverty, disease and malnutrition. That same year, the Rio Pact was established. This was a security zone around the hemisphere with the 19 Latin American countries. Between June 1948 and September 1949, Britain and America were struggling to keep West Berlin supplied through aircraft, since the Soviet government closed all ground traffic. That year, they made 277,000 flights to carry products. In March of 1948, Truman started a Loyalty Program which was made to catch Cold War spies. Then, in that same year the Brussels Pact was made to protect Europe from communism. In 1949, China became a communist country because Mao Zedong took over. He then established the People’s Republic of China. In June of 1950, the Korean War started and Stalin supported North Korea and gave them Soviet weapons to invade South Korea. The war in Korea ended two years later, though. In 1951 the Federal Defense Administration was established which was a program that spread information about communism and the threat of attacks. March 1954 was when KGB (Committee for State Security) was established. KGB was the national security of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In May of 1955 the Warsaw Pact was established. This pact was a mutual defense treaty between the eight communist states of Eastern Europe during the Cold War. During these ten years, there were a few treaties and some different experimental things done, also some different groups were made just for this one huge war. The next 10 years (1956-65) didn’t have as many exciting things happen. In 1956, there was a rebellion in Communist Hungary. Then after that in 1957, Sputnik was launched into space and Laika died in space. In 1958, Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War, made the Soviet troops withdrawal from Berlin. Khrushchev then visited the United States in 1959 which caused the Kitchen Debate. This was a debate between Nixon and Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition. In 1960, the Soviets revealed that there had been a United States plane shot down over Soviet territory. This year was also the year John F. Kennedy was elected president of the United States. Cuba aligns itself with the Soviet Union and their policies that same year. The Bay of Pigs invasion happened in 1961, this invasion was by CIA trained exiles of Cuba into southern Cuba to try to overthrow the government, but it was unsuccessful. In 1962 the United States becomes more involved in the Vietnam War to keep communist takeover of South Vietnam as a strategy of containment. That was the same year of the Cuban missile crisis between the Soviet Union and Cuba and the United States, it lasted thirteen days. November of 1963 was a sad month because President Kennedy was assassinated, probably because of a conspiracy. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was in 1964 which was a confrontation between North Vietnam and the United States. In 1965 some United States marines were sent to the Dominican Republic to fight Communism. These 10 years were not very exciting but there were a few important events that changed the United States. From 1966 to 1975, not much happened. It was kind of a dull period compared to the last twenty years. In 1967 the United Stated Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara admitted that the United States bombing raids had failed to meet their objectives. Richard Nixon was elected for president and North Korea captured U.S.S. Pueblo the year after. The USS Pueblo was a United States spy ship and it is still currently being held captive by Korea, though it is a museum now. Then, in 1969 Apollo 11 landed on the moon which had Neil Armstrong in it. He was the first person to step on the moon and it was a great accomplishment in US history. In 1970 Nixon spread the Vietnam War to Cambodia. The Pentagon papers were signed the year after in 1971. These papers were a United States history of its involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1972 not only did Nixon visit China, but SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talk) was signed; this was between the two Cold War superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union on the issue of armament control. The United States supported coup overthrew the Chilean government in 1973. The year after that, Nixon resigned but since then he has been the only president to ever resign. In 1975 North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam who then fell into communism. I do not know why these ten years were so boring, but they were even though they ended in another country falling into communism. The next ten years from 1976 to 1985 were even duller than the ones before. It started off with the Soviet Union and Cuba forcing Angola to become a communist state. In 1979, SALT II was signed. This time it was just an experimental negotiation about curtailing the manufacturing of nuclear weapons. The same year SALT II was signed, the Soviet forces invaded Afghanistan and the United States and China established diplomatic relations. In 1980, Polish shipyard workers started a strike and the Solidarity Union was formed, which was the first non-communist trade union in Warsaw Pact territory, and the strike leader, Lech Walesa, was elected as the head of the Solidarity Union. Three years later, President Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative. That initiative was created to protect the United States from nuclear missile attacks. In that same year, United States troops invaded and overthrew the regime in Grenada and ended in a victory. Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union and initiated a campaign of increased openness and transparency in government institutions called â€Å"glasnost†and a political movement within the Soviet Union called â€Å"perestroika†in 1985. As you can see, not much happened during these ten years but there were still some interesting things that happened. The last five years were when quite a few countries became independent after so long. In 1986 President Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev resolve to remove all intermediate nuclear missiles from Europe. Then in the year after that, Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove all medium and short-range nuclear missiles. This meant that the war was coming to a close and things were becoming less violent. The Soviet groups with drawled from Afghanistan in 1989. Poland and Hungary both become independent and communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Rumania, the Soviet empire declined in this year as well. Russia got a new president; Boris Yeltsin, in 1990 also. Another country became independent a year later, Lithuania. Germany also became reunited during this year. In 1991, the Warsaw Pact ended which meant the Cold War was over and the Soviet Union was done for, the end of it all. The Cold War was something terrible that happened between the United States and the Soviet Union for a stupid reason. It caused a lot of problems and different wars throughout the world just because they were too afraid to fight face to face but, it did not cause a huge amount of deaths. The Cold War was not really the kind of war that killed people; it was more of a war on which country could develop faster. This war could have been easily prevented but I guess some things just have to happen. A 45 year war for only one thing. Power. Works Cited â€Å"Cold War.†enotes. n.d. Web. 20 May, 2012. â€Å"Cold War Timeline.†History Timelines. n.d. Web. 20 May, 2012. Pillai, Prabhakar â€Å"Causes and Effects of the Cold War.†Buzzle. n.d. 21 May, 2012. â€Å"Timeline of the Cold War.†Think Quest. n.d. Web. 20 May 2012. Wikipedia.org.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Contingencies to Airasia’s Marketing Strategy Essay
Suggest three contingencies AirAsia should consider and rationalize your choice. What are the main modifications to the current marketing strategy should AirAsia undertake to respond to these contingencies. There are number of threats that AirAsia faces thus it should have well-prepared contingency plans in case certain situations occur. The following part focuses on analyzing three main contingencies that AirAsia should take into consideration as well as the modifications to the current marketing strategy that it would have to make to respond in case certain events occur. What if price war happens†¦Ã‚ To compete with the rivals, each airline introduced its own strategy. Famous full service carriers like Singapore Airlines and Thai Airways have set up low cost subsidiaries. Malaysia Airlines launched competitive promotion scheme while independent low-cost airlines like Valuair focused on improving customer services through offering additional benefits to customers. Obviously, the harsh competitiveness in the region strengthens the probability that price war might happen. Price war happens when almost all airline companies simultaneously start to reduce their prices and the region’s aviation industry as a whole fails to deliver profit. Price war might have a serious impact on AirAsia if it, together with other airlines in the region, starts to reduce its prices to compete. Customers now will have various choices and would be able to switch to the airlines that offer them the best price as well as best service. If price war does happen, AirAsia should make the following modification to its current strategy: Increase customer satisfaction by improving on-flight service quality as discussed in depth in the third paragraph of question one. What if customers decide to switch to other airlines†¦ Air Asia now has to face up with increasing competition not only from low cost subsidiaries of full service carries but also from the emergence of independent low cost airlines. With the increasing emergence of new airlines which provide customers with not only low fares but also â€Å"a level of service far beyond that expected†, the probability that customers switch to other airlines is very high. Recently, AirAsia has been receiving many complaints from passengers who are unsatisfied with the service quality. Focusing intensively on keeping costs low, AirAsia neglected the satisfaction and convenience of its customers. Thus, the company should consider the possibility that customers might switch to other airlines. In this case the following modifications to the strategy should be made: AirAsia should offer incentives for the customers to stay with the company by introducing frequent flyer bonus miles. To motivate customers’, AirAsia can also offer membership cards which would provide them not only with additional miles but also with regular customers’ discount on specific flights to specific destinations or at special period of time. What if AirAsia is unsuccessful in entering new markets such as China and India†¦ AirAsia is now looking for expanding routes to other countries in the region and China and India are a huge potential. However, these markets have completely different economies and therefore there is a probability that the market will not support a new airline. Also, for example, when going to China – a huge market, AirAsia needs to be ready to face tough competition. Besides good reputation in the market, well-established airlines in China such as China Airline, Cathay Pacific, etc. are offering very high quality service to customer. In addition to that in the meantime, AirAsia has to compete with many tough competitors in its local market. Thus, there is possibility that AirAsia might not take the lead when entering new markets and might not be able to reach its targets in new markets. Therefore, AirAsia should take into account the possibility of low demand and be ready to make modifications to its strategy in order to respond: The Olympic Games 2008 would be a great opportunity for AirAsia to strengthen its image in customers’ mind. To take this advantage, AirAsia should organize some activities to promote the company. Other big companies will certainly promote itself through taking part in such activities as Olympic Sponsorship, On-Air advertisement, etc. AirAsia should choose a different tactic. Instead, it can create association between AirAsia and the Olympic through programs spread via mass media such as: design logo for AirAsia used during the Olympic time or organize a lottery program the prizes of which would be Olympic tickets or flying tickets inside China. AirAsia can also use other promotion programs like offering round trip tickets flying to cities where the Games would take place at the price of 1 reminbi (Chinese currency) for the first 10 customers buying tickets at a random period of time during 6 months before the Olympics. This should help build up the demand for AirAisa’ services among the customers and enhance its position in customers’ mind. To conclude, it is important for AirAsia to be aware of all contingencies that may happen during its operations and to be ready to apply modifications to the strategy to protect itself from any possible issues that might occur. These contingencies may not come to reality but it is essential to have contingency plans and to be able to make necessary modifications to the strategy in case of the price war, or lost of the customers, or difficulties entering the new markets in order to adapt to these changes and continue to operate successfully.
Friday, January 3, 2020
French to English False Cognates
One of the great things about learning French or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. However, there are also a great many faux amis, or false cognates, which look similar but have different meanings. This is one of the biggest pitfalls for students of French. There are also semi-false cognates: words that can only sometimes be translated by the similar word in the other language.This alphabetical list (newest additions) includes hundreds of French-English false cognates, with explanations of what each word means and how it can be correctly translated into the other language. To avoid confusion due to the fact that some of the words are identical in the two languages, the French word is followed by (F) and the English word is followed by (E).ici (F) vs icy (E)     ici (F) means here.     icy (E) means glacial, glacà ©, or verglacà ©.idà ©ologie (F) vs ideology (E)     idà ©ologie (F) can refer to an ideology, but is usually used in a pejorative sense: ideology or philosophy based on sophomoric or illogical arguments.br/>     ideology (E) une idà ©ologie.ignorant (F) vs ignorant (E)     ignorant (F) is a semi-false cognate. It usually means unaware of, although it can mean ignorant (E). It can also be a noun - ignoramus.     ignorant (E) has only one French equivalent - ignorant, but in English it is usually somewhat pejorative: lacking education or knowledge. The French word ignorant doesnt distinguish between unaware and uneducated.ignorer (F) vs ignore (E)     ignorer (F) is a semi-false cognate. It nearly always means to be ignorant (E) or unaware of something: jignore tout de cette affaire - I know nothing about this business.     ignore (E) means to deliberately not pay attention to someone or something. The usual translations are ne tenir aucun compte de, ne pas relever, and ne pas pr à ªter attention à .impair (F) vs impair (E)     impair (F) is an adjective: odd or uneven.     impair (E) is a verb: diminuer or affaiblir.implantation (F) vs implantation (E)     Une implantation (F) is the introduction or setting up of a new method or industry, a settlement, or a companys presence in country/region. Medically, it means implantation (of an organ or embryo).     Implantation (E) means une implantation only in the sense of an introduction or setting up or in the medical sense.important (F) vs Important (E)     important (F) has a much broader meaning that its English cognate. In addition to important in the sense of significant or authoritative, important (F) can also mean large, considerable, substantial.     important (E) important.imposition (F) vs imposition (E)     imposition (F) refers to taxation (les impà ´ts - taxes). In religion, limposition des ma ins the laying on of hands.     imposition (E) has two distinct meanings. The imposition of something, such as a regulation, is la mise en place. In the sense of a burden, imposition cant be translated by a noun. The sentence needs to be rewritten using a verb like abuser or dà ©ranger to get the sense of imposition across.inconvà ©nient (F) vs inconvenient (E)     inconvà ©nient (F) is a noun and is also somewhat stronger than the English word inconvenient; un inconvà ©nient is a disadvantage, drawback, or risk. Les inconvà ©nients - consequences.     inconvenient (E) is an adjective: inopportun, importun, gà ªnant, peu pratique, malcommode.inconsistant (F) vs inconsistent (E)     inconsistant (F) indicates poor consistency: flimsy, weak, colorless, runny, or watery. In a more general sense, it can be translated by inconsistent.     inconsistent (E) means lacking consistency or being erratic: incon sà ©quent, incompatible.index (F) vs index (E)     index (F) can refer to the index finger, a pointer, or an alphabetical index.     index (E) is an alphabetical index or table. When it is used in statistics, the French equivalent is une indice.infect (F) vs infect (E)     infect (F) is an adjective: revolting, obnoxious, squalid, vile, horrible.     infect (E) is a verb: infecter, contaminer.information (F) vs information (E)     information (F) is a semi-false cognate. Une information refers to a single piece of information, while des informations is equivalent to the general English term information. In addition, une information can indicate an official inquiry or investigation.br/>     information (E) means des renseignements or informations.informatiser (F) vs inform (E)     informatiser (F) to computerize.     inform (E) can mean informer, avertir, aviser, or renseigner.ingrat (F) vs ingrate (E)     ingrat (F) can be an adjective - ungrateful, bleak, unreliable, or unattractive - or a noun: ingrate, ungrateful person.     ingrate (E) un ingrat.inhabità © (F) vs inhabited (E)     inhabità © (F) uninhabited.     inhabited (E) means habità ©.injure (F) vs injury (E)     injure (F) is an insult or term of abuse.     injury (E) refers to une blessure.inscription (F) vs inscription (E)     inscription (F) is a true cognate in the sense of text inscriptions. However, it is also a general term for action as well as registration or enrollment.     inscription (E) une inscription on a coin or monument, or une dà ©dicace in a book.insolation (F) vs insulation (E)     insolation (F) means sunstroke or sunshine.     insulation (E) isolation.instance (F) vs instance (E)     inst ance (F) means authority, official proceedings, or insistence.br/>     instance (E) refers to something that is representative of a group, an example - un exemple.intà ©gral (F) vs integral (E)     intà ©gral (F) means complete, unabridged, or total.     integral (E) means intà ©grant or constituant.intà ©ressant (F) vs interesting (E)     intà ©ressant (F) is a semi-false cognate. In addition to interesting, it can mean attractive, worthwhile, or favorable (e.g., a price or offer).     interesting (E) means captivating, worth looking at, etc.intoxiquà © (F) vs intoxicated (E)     intoxiquà © (F) means poisoned.     intoxicated (E) means drunk - ivre.introduire (F) vs introduce (E)     introduire (F) means to place, insert, or introduce into. It is not used in the sense of introducing one person to another.     introduce (E) means prà ©senter .isolation (F) vs isolation (E)     isolation (F) refers to insulation.     isolation (E) equals isolement or quarantaine.inviter (F) vs invite (E)     inviter (F) means both to invite and to treat (someone to a meal/drink).br/>     invite (E) inviter.
Thursday, December 26, 2019
The 4,000 Year Old History of Locks
Archeologists found the oldest known lock in the Khorsabad palace ruins near Nineveh. The lock was estimated to be 4,000 years old. It was a forerunner to a pin tumbler type of lock, and a common Egyptian lock for the time. This lock worked using a large wooden bolt to secure a door, which had a slot with several holes in its upper surface. The holes were filled with wooden pegs that prevented the bolt from being opened. The warded lock was also present from early times and remains the most recognizable lock and key design in the Western world. The first all-metal locks appeared between the years 870 and 900, and are attributed to the English. Affluent Romans often kept their valuables in secure boxes within their households and wore the keys as rings on their fingers. During the period of the 18th and 19th centuries  in part to the onset of the Industrial Revolution  many technical developments were made in the locking mechanisms that added to the security of common locking devices. It was during this period that America changed from importing door hardware to manufacturing and even exporting some. The earliest patent for a double-acting pin tumbler lock was granted to American physician Abraham O. Stansbury in England in 1805, but the modern version, still in use today, was invented by American Linus Yale, Sr. in 1848. But, other famous locksmiths patented their lock designed before and after Linus. Robert Barron The first serious attempt to improve the security of the lock was made in 1778 in England. Robert Barron patented a double-acting tumbler lock. Joseph Bramah Joseph Bramah patented the safety lock in 1784. Bramahs lock was considered unpickable. The inventor went on to create a Hydrostatic Machine, a beer-pump, the four-cock, a quill-sharpener, a working planer, and more. James Sargent In 1857, James Sargent invented the worlds first successful key-changeable combination lock. His lock became popular with safe manufacturers and the United States Treasury Department. In 1873, Sargent patented a time lock mechanism that became the prototype of those being used in contemporary bank vaults. Samuel Segal Mr. Samuel Segal (former New York City policeman) invented the first jimmy proof locks in 1916. Segal holds over twenty-five patents. Harry Soref Soref founded the Master Lock Company in 1921 and patented an improved padlock. In April 1924, he received a patent (U.S #1,490,987) for his new lock casing. Soref made a padlock that was both strong and cheap using a case constructed out of layers of metal, like the doors of a bank vault. He designed his padlock using laminated steel. Linus Yale Sr. Linus Yale invented a pin-tumbler lock in 1848. His son improved upon his lock using a smaller, flat key with serrated edges that is the basis of ​the modern pin-tumbler locks. Linus Yale Jr. (1821-1868) American, Linus Yale Jr. was a mechanical engineer and lock manufacturer who patented a cylinder pin-tumbler lock in 1861. Yale invented the modern combination lock in 1862.
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Suicide and the Harm Principle - 2897 Words
The Right to Suicide and Harm Suicide under circumstances of extreme suffering is the morally right action as opposed to the alternative, living in pain. J.S. Mill’s Utilitarian ideals provide strong reasoning to support suicide in instances of severe pain, while Kant’s moral theory of the categorical imperative provides reasoning against taking one’s own life. Mill’s principle of utility is the maximization of pleasure and the reduction of pain. Mill regards happiness as the greatest good in life and all actions should be performed as long as they have the tendency to produce pleasure. Mill also introduces the Harm Principle. The Harm Principle is used to determine whether coercion is justifiable based on the impact of individual†¦show more content†¦Mill would invoke the Harm Principle. The act of committing suicide would be a self-regarding act. As the harm is directly imposed on herself, all other consequences of her action are considered indirect as they occur through Jan e’s self-regarding act. Hence, Jane should suffer no moral or legal sanctions for committing suicide. Furthermore, she has evaluated her options and upon deep consideration, decided that the pain of living with her condition outweighs the pleasure of living with her condition. A utility calculation can be formalized to further justify her decision on utilitarian grounds. (Utilitarianism) For Jane: 1. Tendency to cause pleasure: 100 units 2. Tendency to cause pain: 50 units For the aggregate of the other people affected: 3. Tendency to cause pleasure: 10 units 4. Tendency to cause pain: 20 units Hence: Pleasure: 110 units, Pain: 70 units. Perform the action. For Jane, dying would be the ultimate pleasure as it is the end of her suffering. She views suicide as the mean to her ultimate end: happiness. 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Monday, December 9, 2019
Analysis of Enhancement Technologies Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com
Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Enhancement Technologies. Answer: Identify 3 ethical issues that may be associated with the situation as described in the article. Gathering and processing the necessary data quick enough to avoid dangerous circumstances. Liability is another ethical issues, who is liable when an autonomous car crashes? The driver? Telsa or the programmers? The technology in the driverless vehicles have errors and they are not immune to the failure of the system. The ethical issue which would arise surrounding the liability is assigning fault when the autonomous car crashes. Another ethical issue is the maintaining confidentiality. Individuals do not have confident of the driverless cars, They may not trust it with their life as they are been driven by machine and it could have faults. Another ethical issue facing the driverless vehicle is the issue of outsourcing the production of the various components. The organization making the driverless cars could have problems when they are outsourcing production of various components to make these cars. For the 3 ethical issues nominated, identify the key stakeholders. Liability ethical issues: The stakeholder who is held responsible is the manufacturing companies. If the software misinterprets a worn down sign the blame falls to the manufacturing company. The autonomous vehicle has become more prevalent system for the responsibility. Maintaining confidentiality: Community are the main stakeholders. They do not have confident in the driverless vehicles as they are prone to risk as system can failure. The ethical issue of gathering and processing of the data quicker; the stakeholder is the programmer. These individuals are responsible to carry out all the ethical scenarios and prevent occurrence of a situation. For each stakeholder group identified, select what you believe is the relevant ethical view Manufacturing company: the ethical principle they would take is deontology On this company the right and the wrong is dependent on meeting their duty and the independent of the consequences. The future liability of the self-driven software rested on the company. Programmer: These individuals believed that there is no single ethical truth Each and every aspect they undertake is contingency based Maintaining confidentiality: justice ethics is the ethical view in regard to this stakeholder The duty to treat all the parties fairly in regards to the cost and safety is considered. For the 3 issues you have outlined assess your personal values and then, for each issue, determine your own closest fit to the list of 7 ethical principles? My personal values are as follow; Fairness: This closely apply to the one for liability. The liability is subjected to the manufacturing organization and the fault could be the programmer, or the driver. Perfection is my second value on maintain confidentiality. I like being perfect is each task I do to make sure i do everything well. Self-actualization; this is closest to gathering each information for quick decision making. The closest ethical principles that fit in my list are; Deontology and consequentialism Bibliography Bonnefon, J.F., Shariff, A. and Rahwan, I., 2016. The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science, 352(6293), pp.1573-1576. Hansson, S., 2013. The ethics of risk: Ethical analysis in an uncertain world. Springer. Hevelke, A. and Nida-Rmelin, J., 2015. Responsibility for crashes of autonomous vehicles: an ethical analysis. Science and engineering ethics, 21(3), pp.619-630. McCormick, S.E., 2016. Transcendence: An Ethical Analysis of Enhancement Technologies (Doctoral dissertation, Cleveland State University). Menze, M. and Geiger, A., 2015. Object scene flow for autonomous vehicles. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 3061-3070).
Monday, December 2, 2019
The International Relations Theories in Addressing of Environmental Issues
Introduction International relations refer to the branch of political science concerned with foreign affairs of a country. It defines the ways in which countries relate with one another in the currently globalised world. The concept of globalization has increased a global approach to seeking solutions to problems arising that could be facing a particular nation, like a disease outbreak in a particular country or global issues like global warming.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The International Relations Theories in Addressing of Environmental Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Collective international efforts are always employed in addressing different forms of emerging issues. International relations have become central in the current times where international interdependence is critical for economic and political stability. The international relations facilitate the coordination of political and economic activities among nations. International relations have also established a basis for an international intervention on national, regional and international issues that affect humanitarian conditions directly or indirectly. This paper seeks to answer the question, â€Å"what international relations theory is the most effective in addressing environmental issues†. The paper will look into a variety of international relations theories that have been employed to address environmental issues with the aim of identifying the most effective theory. Environmental international relations theories International relations as a field of study has been explored since the early periods of the twentieth century. It was initiated by the urge to create a foundation for security among the European nations. The environmental issues were identified, recognized and instituted in the international business at around 1972. It was noted that degradations were, and still are being, caused by human acti vities. The increased economic activities initiated after the World War II exerted increased pressure on the available resources. Effects of the economic activities that were on the rise during this post war period also had negative implications on the environment due to pollution. The environmental concern then evolved into International Corporation besides the global concern through the United Nations (Kutting, 12). The Green Theory The green theory was a development of the environmental concerns that were continually raised by experts in the social science and humanities professions that led to environmental movement in the closing decades of the twentieth century. It was the environmental movement together with some other social movements that led to the green theory.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theory is concerned with social matters as well as the always pr edominant aspects of politics. One of the elements of the green theory was to discuss the irrationality that was exercised by economic forces, markets and nations towards the environment. The theory in this instance expressed the establishment of localized autonomous bodies to ensure stable ecologies in different localities. The green theory has also taken a political dimension with administrations ensuring that environmental institutions are established to look into arising environmental crises. The political dimension of the green theory has led to the emergence of â€Å"environmental justice, environmental democracy, environmental activism and the green states†(Dunne, Milja, Steve, 252). According to the green theory, environmental injustice is the effect of spilling environmental consequences to third parties. When institutions make decisions in their operations and fail to contain the environmental effects of their activities to any third party then the institutions are liable for environmental injustice. The liability is effective if the third party affected by the said operations is not involved in the operations. Environmental injustice as well applies to the advantaged sections of a society or countries that by their influential advantage and authority overexploit the environmental resources at the expense of the less fortunate societies and countries. This is because their over exploitative activities impacts adverse negative effects to the environment. In its aim, the green theory strife to reduce environmental hazards as well as the protection of any third party from externalization of hazard from any entity (Dunne, Milja, Steve, 252). The objective of the environmental justice of the green theory includes the preservation of the environment for the safety of the current and the future generations, as well as that of the other inhabitants of the universe and enlisting an exclusive participation of all people in decision making forums which is achieved by ensuring proper representations of people in such forums. These forums could involve formulation of policies, signing of treaties and protocols, laying down regulations and evaluation of environmental processes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The International Relations Theories in Addressing of Environmental Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The environmental justice further seeks to ensure that measures are taken to ensure the environmental risks are reduced by the majority communities, risks are distributed in a generally acceptable democratic manner and that compensations are done in cases where actions by a given party causes environmental effects to other parties (Dunne, Milja, and Steve, 255). The green theory has enhanced the environmental justice by raising the concerns of people. This move is being achieved by the use of bodies and individuals like â€Å"non governmental organiza tions, green consumers, ecological scientists, green political parties, grass root people†(Dunne, Milja, and Steve, 255) as well as individuals with innovative transformational ideas of global activities. The theory can also be discussed from two perspectives: its activities on the analysis of the global environmental problems and the activities of new steps towards ecological justice and the green democracy. The green theorists are also keen on climate change negotiations. Attempts are always made under the green theory to integrate â€Å"knowledge and power†and to improve developed communication strategies and steps during negotiations into environmental talks. In their efforts to strengthen ecological negotiations, the green theory movement participates in these processes. An example was its participation in the talks over the global warming crisis by suggesting solutions to global warming (Dunne, Milja, and Steve, 255). The environmental democracy, as Suzan define d it, refers to the inclusion of victims of environmental outcomes in decision processes. The decisions made about environmental issues are not to be left in the hands of authorities like the political leaders. The democracy prescribes the rights of individual people to the decision making processes over environmental issues, not just governmental and industrial bodies. The composition of the decision makers on environmental issues should also include â€Å"the public, community groups, advocates, workers, academic and health care professionals†(Hazen 1). These parties are as well entitled to access information relating to environmental matters (Hazen 1).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Environmental activism under the green movement is a strategy to ensure environmental democracy prevails. The activists’ move is always aimed at drawing the attention of decision makers and agents of environmental pollution like the industrialists. Activists’ move can include media presentation of petitions to nonviolent actions (World 1). Other International Relations Theories The green theory is however not the sole theory on the international relations. There exist a large number of such theories in the study of international relations. Some of the other international relations theories include classical realism, structural realisms, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism among others. Just like the green theory was formulated to foster and attempt to succeed in implementing particular aspects, environmental issues, the other theories were as well very particular on the views and objectives that they were to foster. The concept of classical realism theory covers po licies such as political power and influence. It covers international law and expresses the recognition of autonomy of states which are seen as unitary actors who engage in diplomatic relations to maintain political balance (Cosmopoliticos 1). Structural realism was a scientific philosophy whose aim was to inspire into selecting the best of either side of arguments. Its aim was to end the serious consideration of both sides of a discursive issue and establish the sense of identifying and taking the best side of the argument. Its implementation was to aid discussions without taking conflicting positions (Plato1). The theory of liberalism on the other hand expresses the concept of freedom of human beings and entities. The theory for instance claims that any restriction to freedom or liberty must be justified. Illustrations of limitations to liberty were described as politics and law as they restrict human actions (Plato 1). Conclusion International relations are a political element of coordination among countries. In the bid to succeed in its objectives, theories have over time been developed to facilitate solutions to international problems. Each theory was established as a result of emerging global problems that required joint intervention from nations. It is in this light that the green theory was developed to facilitate solutions into the problem of environmental degradation. The green movement is the most effective theory of international relations in solving environmental problems because of two reasons. The first reason is because while other theories may just mention environmental issues, the green theory covers environmental issues as its sole subject. The second reason is the comprehensiveness of the green theory over the solution of environmental problems. Works Cited Cosmopoliticos. Classical Realism (Theory of International Relations) Probably. Cosmopoliticos, 2007. Web. Dunne, Timothy., Milja, Kurki., and Steve, Smith. International relations theor ies: discipline and diversity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Hazen Suzan. Environmental democracy. UNEP, 1998. Web. Kutting, Gabriel. Global Environmental Politics: Concepts, Theories and Case Studies. New York, NY: Taylor Francis, 2010. Print. Plato. Liberalization. Stanford, 2010. Web. World. Environmental activism. UK One World, 2008. Web. This essay on The International Relations Theories in Addressing of Environmental Issues was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
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