The 4,000 Year Old History of Locks

Archeologists found the oldest known lock in the Khorsabad palace ruins near Nineveh. The lock was estimated to be 4,000 years old. It was a forerunner to a pin tumbler type of lock, and a common Egyptian lock for the time. This lock worked using a large wooden bolt to secure a door, which had a slot with several holes in its upper surface. The holes were filled with wooden pegs that prevented the bolt from being opened. The  warded lock  was also present from early times and remains the most recognizable lock and key design in the Western world. The first all-metal locks appeared between the years 870 and 900, and are attributed to the English. Affluent Romans often kept their valuables in secure boxes within their households and wore the keys as rings on their fingers.   During the period of the 18th and 19th centuries — in part to the onset of the Industrial Revolution — many technical developments were made in the locking mechanisms that added to the security of common locking devices. It was during this period that America changed from importing door hardware to manufacturing and even exporting some. The earliest patent for a double-acting pin tumbler  lock  was granted to American physician Abraham O. Stansbury in England in 1805, but the modern version, still in use today, was invented by American Linus Yale, Sr. in 1848. But, other famous locksmiths patented their lock designed before and after Linus. Robert Barron   The first serious attempt to improve the security of the lock was made in 1778 in England. Robert Barron  patented a double-acting tumbler lock. Joseph Bramah   Joseph Bramah patented the safety lock in 1784. Bramahs lock was considered unpickable. The inventor went on to create a Hydrostatic Machine, a beer-pump, the four-cock, a quill-sharpener, a working planer, and more. James Sargent   In 1857, James Sargent invented the worlds first successful key-changeable combination lock. His lock became popular with safe manufacturers and the United States Treasury Department. In 1873, Sargent patented a time lock mechanism that became the prototype of those being used in contemporary bank vaults. Samuel Segal   Mr. Samuel Segal (former New York City policeman) invented the first jimmy proof locks in 1916. Segal holds over twenty-five patents. Harry Soref   Soref founded the Master Lock Company in 1921 and patented an improved padlock. In April 1924, he received a patent (U.S #1,490,987) for his new lock casing. Soref made a padlock that was both strong and cheap using a case constructed out of layers of metal, like the doors of a bank vault. He designed his padlock using laminated steel. Linus Yale Sr.   Linus Yale invented a pin-tumbler lock in 1848. His son improved upon his lock using a smaller, flat key with serrated edges that is the basis of ​the  modern pin-tumbler locks. Linus Yale Jr. (1821-1868)   American, Linus Yale Jr. was a mechanical engineer and lock manufacturer who patented a cylinder pin-tumbler lock in 1861. Yale invented the modern combination lock in 1862.

Suicide and the Harm Principle - 2897 Words

The Right to Suicide and Harm Suicide under circumstances of extreme suffering is the morally right action as opposed to the alternative, living in pain. J.S. Mill’s Utilitarian ideals provide strong reasoning to support suicide in instances of severe pain, while Kant’s moral theory of the categorical imperative provides reasoning against taking one’s own life. Mill’s principle of utility is the maximization of pleasure and the reduction of pain. Mill regards happiness as the greatest good in life and all actions should be performed as long as they have the tendency to produce pleasure. Mill also introduces the Harm Principle. The Harm Principle is used to determine whether coercion is justifiable based on the impact of individual†¦show more content†¦Mill would invoke the Harm Principle. The act of committing suicide would be a self-regarding act. As the harm is directly imposed on herself, all other consequences of her action are considered indirect as they occur through Jan e’s self-regarding act. Hence, Jane should suffer no moral or legal sanctions for committing suicide. Furthermore, she has evaluated her options and upon deep consideration, decided that the pain of living with her condition outweighs the pleasure of living with her condition. A utility calculation can be formalized to further justify her decision on utilitarian grounds. (Utilitarianism) For Jane: 1. Tendency to cause pleasure: 100 units 2. Tendency to cause pain: 50 units For the aggregate of the other people affected: 3. Tendency to cause pleasure: 10 units 4. Tendency to cause pain: 20 units Hence: Pleasure: 110 units, Pain: 70 units. Perform the action. For Jane, dying would be the ultimate pleasure as it is the end of her suffering. She views suicide as the mean to her ultimate end: happiness. For Jane, the pain of dying is less than the pain of living. After seeing her mother die from Parkinson’s disease, she makes the valid decision to not die the same way. She recognizes that death is the end of her life and the pain of leaving her family and friends does impact on this decision. Yet, when compared to the suffering she will endure as her Parkinson’s progresses, the pleasure derived fromShow MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mills Harm Principle Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesmany ways. I’d like to focus of his ideas of the harm principle and a touch a little on his thoughts about the freedom of action. The harm principle and freedom on action are just two subtopics of Mill’s extensive thoughts about the conception on liberty. Not only do I plan to discuss and explain each of these parts on the conception of libe rty, but I also plan to discuss my thoughts and feelings. I have a few disagreements with Mill on the harm principle; they will be stated and explained. My thoughtsRead MoreNurse Jackie And Assisted Suicide1364 Words   |  6 PagesNurse Jackie and Assisted Suicide Ethical dilemmas exist everywhere around us in everyday situations. Something as simple as picking up a piece of trash off the floor to whether you should use a previously written paper from a separate class for a current assignment in this class. It exists in reality and even on television shows. How, then, do people resolve these ethical dilemmas and how do they defend their decisions? Nurse Jackie is a television series impregnated with ethical dilemmas, especiallyRead MoreFree Doctor Assisted Suicide Within Canada1136 Words   |  5 PagesIn late February 2016, a recent debate among Canadian politicians arose on whether mature minors have the right to access doctor-assisted suicide within Canada. In Canadian Paediatric Society1 article, it explains how the government has a three-year deadline in order to create new legislation. However, the the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) believes that this three-year deadline Is not enough time to â€Å"gather adequate and appropriate in formation† on whether this practice should be allowed to beRead MoreThe Death Of Physician Assisted Suicide1731 Words   |  7 Pagesthink it could be immoral. For physician-assisted suicide to even be considered the patient must be of sound mind when they are requesting the physician-assisted suicide. To guarantee that the process is carried out correctly a doctor or a witness should be there to prove consciousness. The patient must be diagnosed with a terminal illness, if they are not then there is a possibility for a life. There are many pro’s and con’s to physician-assisted suicide. If a person is terminally ill they would notRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1720 Words   |  7 PagesIt is obvious discussing physician-assisted suicide is a very controversial issue that is discussed daily by those who wish to die to avoid loss of dignity and also by those who think it is unethical. For physician-assisted suicide to even be considered, t he patient must be of sound mind when they are requesting death with dignity. Physician-assisted suicide should be a legal option for people who are unable to end their own lives. However, there should be safeguards to prevent any sort of abuseRead MoreCritical Reflection : The Euthanasia Debate1652 Words   |  7 PagesThese issues have brought forth the euthanasia debate, which poses the question, â€Å"Should an individual have the right to choose to die?† In February 2015, in the case of Carter v. Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada declared that physician-assisted suicide will be legal for a â€Å"competent person who (1) clearly consents to the termination of life and (2) has a grievous and irremediable medical condition†¦that causes enduring suffering that is intolerable to the individual in the circumstances of his orRead MoreMovie Analysis : Million Dollar Baby1273 Words   |  6 Pagesher die or not because he wants to keep her alive and he knows it s a sin if he helps her commit suicide. He understands that she is suffering and even keeping her alive is killing her. Ultimately, Frankie goes to Maggie s hospital room, take her off mechanical ventilation and injects her with adrenaline to end her life. This movie deals with the ethical issues of euthanasia and assisted suicide for people with disabilities or debilitating disease. According to Merriam-webster dictionary, theRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Act Of Killing Someone Painlessly1534 Words   |  7 Pagesirreversible coma. The term is synonymous with physician-assisted suicide, a form of active euthanasia in which a doctor provides an individual, either terminally ill or facing a diminished quality of life, with the information and means to take his or her own life. It involves a situation in which a patient voluntarily performs the act of committing suicide by taking a lethal dose of prescribed medication. Physician-assisted suicide is a controversial issue which has been debated extensively withinRead MoreMichael Morgan First and foremost, Johns desire to end his life must be examined. Applying the600 Words   |  3 PagesMichael Morgan First and foremost, Johns desire to end his life must be examined. Applying the ethical principle of Beauchamp and Childress (Johnston, Penelope Bradbury 2008), the principle of autonomy would consider John’s decision to end his life as ethically sound. It could be argued that suicide is the ultimate application of ones right to autonomy. However, this autonomy cannot be blindly extrapolated to include the participation of another individual. The distinction must be made between theRead MoreEuthanasi Terminally Ill Patient1321 Words   |  6 Pagesand according to Euthanasia (2014), it is defined as the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit. There are many kinds of euthanasia including voluntary, non-voluntary, involuntary, assisted suicide, euthanasia by action, and euthanasia by omission. Lethal injection, lethal oral drugs, starvation, dehydration, and use of gases and plastic bags are among the methods of euthanas ia (Life, 2011). Passive euthanasia is a non-intentional death and

Analysis of Enhancement Technologies Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Enhancement Technologies. Answer: Identify 3 ethical issues that may be associated with the situation as described in the article. Gathering and processing the necessary data quick enough to avoid dangerous circumstances. Liability is another ethical issues, who is liable when an autonomous car crashes? The driver? Telsa or the programmers? The technology in the driverless vehicles have errors and they are not immune to the failure of the system. The ethical issue which would arise surrounding the liability is assigning fault when the autonomous car crashes. Another ethical issue is the maintaining confidentiality. Individuals do not have confident of the driverless cars, They may not trust it with their life as they are been driven by machine and it could have faults. Another ethical issue facing the driverless vehicle is the issue of outsourcing the production of the various components. The organization making the driverless cars could have problems when they are outsourcing production of various components to make these cars. For the 3 ethical issues nominated, identify the key stakeholders. Liability ethical issues: The stakeholder who is held responsible is the manufacturing companies. If the software misinterprets a worn down sign the blame falls to the manufacturing company. The autonomous vehicle has become more prevalent system for the responsibility. Maintaining confidentiality: Community are the main stakeholders. They do not have confident in the driverless vehicles as they are prone to risk as system can failure. The ethical issue of gathering and processing of the data quicker; the stakeholder is the programmer. These individuals are responsible to carry out all the ethical scenarios and prevent occurrence of a situation. For each stakeholder group identified, select what you believe is the relevant ethical view Manufacturing company: the ethical principle they would take is deontology On this company the right and the wrong is dependent on meeting their duty and the independent of the consequences. The future liability of the self-driven software rested on the company. Programmer: These individuals believed that there is no single ethical truth Each and every aspect they undertake is contingency based Maintaining confidentiality: justice ethics is the ethical view in regard to this stakeholder The duty to treat all the parties fairly in regards to the cost and safety is considered. For the 3 issues you have outlined assess your personal values and then, for each issue, determine your own closest fit to the list of 7 ethical principles? My personal values are as follow; Fairness: This closely apply to the one for liability. The liability is subjected to the manufacturing organization and the fault could be the programmer, or the driver. Perfection is my second value on maintain confidentiality. I like being perfect is each task I do to make sure i do everything well. Self-actualization; this is closest to gathering each information for quick decision making. The closest ethical principles that fit in my list are; Deontology and consequentialism Bibliography Bonnefon, J.F., Shariff, A. and Rahwan, I., 2016. The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science, 352(6293), pp.1573-1576. Hansson, S., 2013. The ethics of risk: Ethical analysis in an uncertain world. Springer. Hevelke, A. and Nida-Rmelin, J., 2015. Responsibility for crashes of autonomous vehicles: an ethical analysis. Science and engineering ethics, 21(3), pp.619-630. McCormick, S.E., 2016. Transcendence: An Ethical Analysis of Enhancement Technologies (Doctoral dissertation, Cleveland State University). Menze, M. and Geiger, A., 2015. Object scene flow for autonomous vehicles. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 3061-3070).

The International Relations Theories in Addressing of Environmental Issues

Introduction International relations refer to the branch of political science concerned with foreign affairs of a country. It defines the ways in which countries relate with one another in the currently globalised world. The concept of globalization has increased a global approach to seeking solutions to problems arising that could be facing a particular nation, like a disease outbreak in a particular country or global issues like global warming.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The International Relations Theories in Addressing of Environmental Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Collective international efforts are always employed in addressing different forms of emerging issues. International relations have become central in the current times where international interdependence is critical for economic and political stability. The international relations facilitate the coordination of political and economic activities among nations. International relations have also established a basis for an international intervention on national, regional and international issues that affect humanitarian conditions directly or indirectly. This paper seeks to answer the question, â€Å"what international relations theory is the most effective in addressing environmental issues†. The paper will look into a variety of international relations theories that have been employed to address environmental issues with the aim of identifying the most effective theory. Environmental international relations theories International relations as a field of study has been explored since the early periods of the twentieth century. It was initiated by the urge to create a foundation for security among the European nations. The environmental issues were identified, recognized and instituted in the international business at around 1972. It was noted that degradations were, and still are being, caused by human acti vities. The increased economic activities initiated after the World War II exerted increased pressure on the available resources. Effects of the economic activities that were on the rise during this post war period also had negative implications on the environment due to pollution. The environmental concern then evolved into International Corporation besides the global concern through the United Nations (Kutting, 12). The Green Theory The green theory was a development of the environmental concerns that were continually raised by experts in the social science and humanities professions that led to environmental movement in the closing decades of the twentieth century. It was the environmental movement together with some other social movements that led to the green theory.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theory is concerned with social matters as well as the always pr edominant aspects of politics. One of the elements of the green theory was to discuss the irrationality that was exercised by economic forces, markets and nations towards the environment. The theory in this instance expressed the establishment of localized autonomous bodies to ensure stable ecologies in different localities. The green theory has also taken a political dimension with administrations ensuring that environmental institutions are established to look into arising environmental crises. The political dimension of the green theory has led to the emergence of â€Å"environmental justice, environmental democracy, environmental activism and the green states† (Dunne, Milja, Steve, 252). According to the green theory, environmental injustice is the effect of spilling environmental consequences to third parties. When institutions make decisions in their operations and fail to contain the environmental effects of their activities to any third party then the institutions are liable for environmental injustice. The liability is effective if the third party affected by the said operations is not involved in the operations. Environmental injustice as well applies to the advantaged sections of a society or countries that by their influential advantage and authority overexploit the environmental resources at the expense of the less fortunate societies and countries. This is because their over exploitative activities impacts adverse negative effects to the environment. In its aim, the green theory strife to reduce environmental hazards as well as the protection of any third party from externalization of hazard from any entity (Dunne, Milja, Steve, 252). The objective of the environmental justice of the green theory includes the preservation of the environment for the safety of the current and the future generations, as well as that of the other inhabitants of the universe and enlisting an exclusive participation of all people in decision making forums which is achieved by ensuring proper representations of people in such forums. These forums could involve formulation of policies, signing of treaties and protocols, laying down regulations and evaluation of environmental processes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The International Relations Theories in Addressing of Environmental Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The environmental justice further seeks to ensure that measures are taken to ensure the environmental risks are reduced by the majority communities, risks are distributed in a generally acceptable democratic manner and that compensations are done in cases where actions by a given party causes environmental effects to other parties (Dunne, Milja, and Steve, 255). The green theory has enhanced the environmental justice by raising the concerns of people. This move is being achieved by the use of bodies and individuals like â€Å"non governmental organiza tions, green consumers, ecological scientists, green political parties, grass root people† (Dunne, Milja, and Steve, 255) as well as individuals with innovative transformational ideas of global activities. The theory can also be discussed from two perspectives: its activities on the analysis of the global environmental problems and the activities of new steps towards ecological justice and the green democracy. The green theorists are also keen on climate change negotiations. Attempts are always made under the green theory to integrate â€Å"knowledge and power† and to improve developed communication strategies and steps during negotiations into environmental talks. In their efforts to strengthen ecological negotiations, the green theory movement participates in these processes. An example was its participation in the talks over the global warming crisis by suggesting solutions to global warming (Dunne, Milja, and Steve, 255). The environmental democracy, as Suzan define d it, refers to the inclusion of victims of environmental outcomes in decision processes. The decisions made about environmental issues are not to be left in the hands of authorities like the political leaders. The democracy prescribes the rights of individual people to the decision making processes over environmental issues, not just governmental and industrial bodies. The composition of the decision makers on environmental issues should also include â€Å"the public, community groups, advocates, workers, academic and health care professionals† (Hazen 1). These parties are as well entitled to access information relating to environmental matters (Hazen 1).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Environmental activism under the green movement is a strategy to ensure environmental democracy prevails. The activists’ move is always aimed at drawing the attention of decision makers and agents of environmental pollution like the industrialists. Activists’ move can include media presentation of petitions to nonviolent actions (World 1). Other International Relations Theories The green theory is however not the sole theory on the international relations. There exist a large number of such theories in the study of international relations. Some of the other international relations theories include classical realism, structural realisms, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism among others. Just like the green theory was formulated to foster and attempt to succeed in implementing particular aspects, environmental issues, the other theories were as well very particular on the views and objectives that they were to foster. The concept of classical realism theory covers po licies such as political power and influence. It covers international law and expresses the recognition of autonomy of states which are seen as unitary actors who engage in diplomatic relations to maintain political balance (Cosmopoliticos 1). Structural realism was a scientific philosophy whose aim was to inspire into selecting the best of either side of arguments. Its aim was to end the serious consideration of both sides of a discursive issue and establish the sense of identifying and taking the best side of the argument. Its implementation was to aid discussions without taking conflicting positions (Plato1). The theory of liberalism on the other hand expresses the concept of freedom of human beings and entities. The theory for instance claims that any restriction to freedom or liberty must be justified. Illustrations of limitations to liberty were described as politics and law as they restrict human actions (Plato 1). Conclusion International relations are a political element of coordination among countries. In the bid to succeed in its objectives, theories have over time been developed to facilitate solutions to international problems. Each theory was established as a result of emerging global problems that required joint intervention from nations. It is in this light that the green theory was developed to facilitate solutions into the problem of environmental degradation. The green movement is the most effective theory of international relations in solving environmental problems because of two reasons. The first reason is because while other theories may just mention environmental issues, the green theory covers environmental issues as its sole subject. The second reason is the comprehensiveness of the green theory over the solution of environmental problems. Works Cited Cosmopoliticos. Classical Realism (Theory of International Relations) Probably. Cosmopoliticos, 2007. Web. Dunne, Timothy., Milja, Kurki., and Steve, Smith. International relations theor ies: discipline and diversity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Hazen Suzan. Environmental democracy. UNEP, 1998. Web. Kutting, Gabriel. Global Environmental Politics: Concepts, Theories and Case Studies. New York, NY: Taylor Francis, 2010. Print. Plato. Liberalization. Stanford, 2010. Web. World. Environmental activism. UK One World, 2008. Web. This essay on The International Relations Theories in Addressing of Environmental Issues was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Great Gatasby essays

The Great Gatasby essays All humans commit sin, all humans are flawed; once this is accepted by society, it would shows true signs of a progressive world. The concept of accepting the fact that all humans are guilty of sin and are flawed would seem simple, but through the years not much has changed. There is still hatred and judgment being passed every day in society. Nathaniel Hawthorne, known for his short stories written to reveal a not-so-hidden moral theme, often commenting about his views on religion and reformed religious thinking, this all came at a time of great religious reform in America. Hawthorne published two stories that seemed to follow the same pattern: The Birthmark, followed by Rappaccinis Daughter. Though the stories had many aspects of originality they both share a common central theme, that all humans sin. In the story The Birthmark, Hawthorne makes the point that all the characters demonstrate some element of sin. The main character Aylmer, a science type, passes clear judgment upon his wife; by making the following comment, "Ah, upon another face, perhaps it might," replied her husband. "But never on yours! No, dearest Georgiana, you came so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature, that this slightest possible defect- which we hesitate whether to term a defect or a beauty- shocks me, as being the visible mark of earthly imperfection." This is Aylmer telling his wife that the birthmark, she once thought was a beauty mark, is a defect. By passing judgment on his wife, Aylmer has sinned for only God as a Supreme Being is entitled to pass judgment upon another. Georgiana is also a sinner. Later in the story Georgiana is guilty of becoming very vain to the point where she tells her husband that she would like to try to manipulate face and remove her birthmark, even at the cost of great risk to her health and well-being, by trying to remove the birthmark Georgiana is ...

The Battle of Alam Halfa in North Africa During WW II

The Battle of Alam Halfa in North Africa During WW II The Battle of Alam Halfa was fought from August 30 to September 5, 1942, during World War IIs Western Desert Campaign. Armies Commanders Allies Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery4 divisions, XIII Corps, Eighth Army Axis Field Marshal Erwin Rommel6 divisions, Panzer Armee Afrika Background Leading to the Battle With the conclusion of the First Battle of El Alamein in July 1942, both British and Axis forces in North Africa paused to rest and refit. On the British side, Prime Minister Winston Churchill travelled to Cairo and relieved Commander-in-Chief Middle East Command General Claude Auchinleck and replacing him with General Sir Harold Alexander. Command of the British Eight Army at El Alamein ultimately was given to Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery. Assessing the situation at El Alamein, Montgomery found that the front was constricted to a narrow line running from the coast to the impassable Qattara Depression. Montgomerys Plan To defend this line, three infantry divisions from XXX Corps were positioned on ridges running from the coast south to Ruweisat Ridge. To the south of the ridge, the 2nd New Zealand Division was similarly fortified along a line ending at Alam Nayil. In each case, the infantry was protected by extensive minefields and artillery support. The final twelve miles from Alam Nayil to the depression was featureless and difficult to defend. For this area, Montgomery ordered that minefields and wire be laid, with the 7th Motor Brigade Group and 4th Light Armoured Brigade of the 7th Armoured Division in position behind. When attacked, these two brigades were to inflict maximum casualties before falling back. Montgomery established his main defensive line along the ridges running east from Alam Nayil, most notably Alam Halfa Ridge. It was here that he positioned the bulk of his medium and heavy armor along with anti-tank guns and artillery. It was Montgomerys intention to entice Field Marshal Erwin Rommel to attack through this southern corridor and then defeat him in a defensive battle. As British forces assumed their positions, they were augmented by the arrival of reinforcements and new equipment as convoys reached Egypt. Rommels Advance Across the sands, Rommels situation was growing desperate as his supply situation worsened. While he advance across the desert had seen him win stunning victories over the British, it had badly extended his supply lines. Requesting 6,000 tons of fuel and 2,500 tons of ammunition from Italy for his planned offensive, Allied forces succeeded in sinking over half of the ships dispatched across the Mediterranean. As a result, only 1,500 tons of fuel reached Rommel by the end of August. Aware of Montgomerys growing strength, Rommel felt compelled to attack with the hope of winning a quick victory. Constrained by the terrain, Rommel planned to push the 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions, along with the 90th Light Infantry through the southern sector, while the bulk of his other forces demonstrated against the British front to the north. Once through the minefields, his men would push east before turning north to sever Montgomerys supply lines. Moving forward on the night of August 30, Rommels attack quickly encountered difficulty. Spotted by the Royal Air Force, British aircraft began attacking the advancing Germans as well as directing artillery fire on their line of advance. The Germans Held Reaching the minefields, the Germans found them to be much more extensive than anticipated. Slowly working through them, they came under intense fire from the 7th Armoured Division and British aircraft which exacted a high toll, including wounding General Walther Nehring, commander of the Afrika Korps. Despite these difficulties, the Germans were able to clear the minefields by noon the next day and began pressing east. Eager to make up lost time and under constant harassing attacks from 7th Armoured, Rommel ordered his troops to turn north earlier than planned. This maneuver directed the assault against the 22nd Armoured Brigades positions on Alam Halfa Ridge. Moving north, the Germans were met with intense fire from the British and were halted. A flank attack against the British left was stopped by heavy fire from anti-tank guns. Stymied and short on fuel, General Gustav von Vaerst, now leading the Afrika Korps, pulled back for the night. Attacked through the night by British aircraft, German operations on September 1 were limited as 15th Panzer had a dawn attack checked by the 8th Armoured Brigade and Rommel began moving Italian troops into the southern front. Under constant air attack during the night and into the morning hours of September 2, Rommel realized that the offensive had failed and decided to withdraw west. His situation was made more desperate when a column of British armored cars badly mauled one of his supply convoys near Qaret el Himeimat. Realizing his adversarys intentions, Montgomery began formulating plans for counterattacks with the 7th Armoured and 2nd New Zealand. In both cases, he emphasized that neither division should incur losses that would preclude them from taking part in a future offensive. While a major push from 7th Armoured never developed, the New Zealanders attacked south at 10:30 PM on September 3. While the veteran 5th New Zealand Brigade had success against the defending Italians, an assault by the green 132nd Brigade collapsed due to confusion and fierce enemy resistance. Not believing a further attack would succeed, Montgomery cancelled further offensive operations the next day. As a result, the German and Italian troops were able to retreat back to their lines, though under frequent air attack. The Battles Aftermath The victory at Alam Halfa cost Montgomery 1,750 killed, wounded, and missing as well as 68 tanks and 67 aircraft. Axis losses totaled around 2,900 killed, wounded, and missing along with 49 tanks, 36 aircraft, 60 guns, and 400 transport vehicles. Often overshadowed by the First and Second Battles of El Alamein, Alam Halfa represented the last significant offensive launched by Rommel in North Africa. Far from his bases and with his supply lines crumbling, Rommel was forced to move to the defensive as British strength in Egypt grew. In the wake of the battle, Montgomery was criticized for not pressing harder to cut off and destroy the Afrika Korps when it was isolated on his southern flank. He responded by stating that Eighth Army was still in the process of reforming and lacked the logistical network to support the exploitation of such a victory. Also, he was adamant that he wished to preserve British strength for a planned offensive rather than risk it in counterattacks against Rommels defenses. Having shown restraint at Alam Halfa, Montgomery moved to the attack in October when he opened the Second Battle of El Alamein. Sources Defensive Military Structures in Action: Historical ExamplesBBC: Peoples War - Battle of Alam Halfa

Organic and analytical chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organic and analytical chemistry - Essay Example IR provides information about the functional groups that are present in the molecules. NMR provides information about the structural relationship of the nuclei in a molecule. Mass Spectrometry: A mass spectrometer measures the deflection of charged particles as they travel across a magnetic field. This depends on their mass and velocity. A small amount of a sample material injected into the device becomes fragmented into various electrically-charged bits of molecules. These ions are then accelerated into the magnetic field section where they travel along a curved trajectory determined by their mass-to-charge ratio, m/e. Adjusting their velocity as they enter this section allows particles of each different mass to strike a detector. The rate at which different particles are detected provides the relative number of pieces of different mass in the molecule. The most important fragment is the M+ fragment, corresponding to the whole molecule. This gives a direct measurement of the molecular weight of the compound. Other fragments can be assigned to certain structural units. But MS cannot provide information about the relative positions of those parts in the m olecule. Infra-red Spectroscopy: IR spectroscopy measures the frequency of infra-red light that is absorbed as it passes through a thin film sample of a compound. The different bonds in a molecule undergo various vibrations and rotations. The frequencies of those motions depends on the masses of the atoms involved and the particular type of motion, and correspond to frequencies in the IR spectrum of light. As IR light is passed through the sample, each bond absorbs energy at its characteristic frequency. The IR spectrograph records the amount of light absorbed at each frequency across the IR spectrum. Some absorbances are characteristic of specific functional groups and appear in very certain ranges of wavelengths. The overall pattern of an